[332] National Highways in Kerala are among the narrowest in the country and will remain so for the foreseeable future, as the state government has received an exemption that allows narrow national highways. The Grand Kerala Shopping Festival (GKSF) was started in 2007, covering more than 3000 outlets across the nine cities of Kerala with huge tax discounts, VAT refunds and huge array of prizes. [445][446], Ancient Christian tradition says that Christianity reached the shores of Kerala in 52 CE with the arrival of Thomas the Apostle, one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus Christ. Panchavadyam is a form of percussion ensemble, in which artists use five types of percussion instrument. The maritime spice trade monopoly in the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea stayed with the Arabs during the High and Late Middle Ages. In comparison with the rest of India, Kerala experiences relatively little sectarianism. [308][309] The state government promotes these activities via educational campaigns and the development of new cattle breeds such as the Sunandini. [487] Though the cost of education is generally considered low in Kerala,[489] according to the 61st round of the National Sample Survey (2004–2005), per capita spending on education by the rural households was reported to be ₹41 (57¢ US) for Kerala, more than twice the national average. According to the Economic Times[626] Kerala netted a record revenue of INR 36,528.01 crore from the tourism sector in 2018, clocking an increase of Rs 2,874.33 crore from the previous year. [249]:8 The state recorded 8.93% growth in enterprises from 1998 to 2005, higher than the national rate of 4.80%. The rivers face problems such as sand mining and pollution. [387][10][388] The life expectancy in Kerala is 74 years, among the highest in India as of 2011[update]. Mathrubhumi Books. Malabar is reminiscent of the word Malanad which means the land of hills. Mappilas are but one among the many communities that forms the Muslim population of Kerala. [231] The government is organised into the three branches: The local government bodies; Panchayat, Municipalities and Corporations have existed in Kerala since 1959, however, the major initiative to decentralise the governance was started in 1993, conforming to the constitutional amendments of central government in this direction. [539] Since the 1980s, actors Mohanlal and Mammootty have dominated the movie industry; Mohanlal has won five National Film Awards (four for acting), while Mammootty has three National Film Awards for acting. Phoenicians established trade with Kerala during this period. They were also the runners-up eight times. Ramanathaiyer, Sundar, and Stewart MacPherson. He describes Kozhikode as "one of the great ports of the district of Malabar" where "merchants of all parts of the world are found". In the state, despite the social progress, gender still influences social mobility. [62] Then the last Cheraman Perumal divided Kerala or Chera kingdom among his chieftains and disappeared mysteriously. Approximately 42,000 cancer cases are reported in the region annually. The film stars Josh O'Connor as Johnny, a young sheep farmer working on his remote family farm in Yorkshire, and Alec Secareanu as Gheorghe, a handsome young Romanian migrant worker hired to temporarily help during lambing season. [343][344] Major railway transport between Beypore–Tirur began on 12 March 1861,[344] from Tirur-Shoranur in 1862,[344] from Shoranur–Cochin Harbour section in 1902, from Kollam–Sengottai on 1 July 1904, Kollam–Thiruvananthapuram on 4 January 1918, from Nilambur-Shoranur in 1927, from Ernakulam–Kottayam in 1956, from Kottayam–Kollam in 1958, from Thiruvananthapuram–Kanyakumari in 1979 and from the Thrissur-Guruvayur Section in 1994. [60][61] According to the legend, Rayar, the overlord of the Cheraman Perumal in a country east of the Ghats, invaded Kerala during the rule of the last Perumal. In 2013, capital expenditure rose 30% compared to the national average of 5%, owners of two-wheelers rose by 35% compared to the national rate of 15%, and the teacher-pupil ratio rose 50% from 2:100 to 4:100. The districts which serve as administrative regions for taxation purposes are further subdivided into 27 revenue subdivisions and 77 taluks, which have fiscal and administrative powers over settlements within their borders, including maintenance of local land records. There are 67 navigable rivers in the state while the total length of inland waterways is 1,687 kilometres (1,048 mi). [578] The elephant is the state animal of Kerala and is featured on the emblem of the Government of Kerala.[579]. This creates an upward spiral for both the women and children of the community that is passed on to future generations. In the lakes, wetlands, and waterways, fish such as Kadu, Red Line Torpedo Barb and choottachi; orange chromide—Etroplus maculatus are found. [125] Later Kozhikode and Venad seem to have rebelled against their Vijayanagara overlords, but Deva Raya II quelled the rebellion. [432][433] Notable has been the occurrence of Cheraman Perumal Tajuddin, the mythical Hindu king that moved to Arabia to meet the Islamic Prophet Muhammad and converted to Islam. The culture is a synthesis of Aryan, Dravidian, Arab, and European cultures,[22] developed over millennia, under influences from other parts of India and abroad. [548] The Bharathappuzha river, also known as River Ponnani, and its tributaries, have played a major role in the development of modern Malayalam Literature. [107][108] The earliest Saint Thomas Christian Churches,[109] Cheraman Jumu'ah Masjid (traditionally dated to "629 CE" by the Mappilas)—regarded as "the first mosque of India"[110]—and Paradesi Synagogue (1568 CE)—the oldest active synagogue in the Commonwealth of Nations[111]—were built in Kerala. [116] A Keralite identity, distinct from the Tamils, became linguistically separate during this period around the seventh century. The origin of the Latin Catholic Christians in Kerala is the result of the missionary endeavours of the Portuguese Padroado in the 16th century. [134] Fort St Angelo or St. Angelo Fort was built at Kannur in 1505 and Fort St Thomas was built at Kollam(Quilon) in 1518 by the Portuguese. [58][60][61] The Eradis of Nediyiruppu, who later came to be known as the Zamorins of Kozhikode, who were left out in cold during allocation of the land, was granted the Cheraman Perumal's sword (with the permission to "die, and kill, and seize"). Chitra, M.G. [444] Most of the Muslims in Kerala follow the Shāfiʿī school of religious law while a large minority follow movements that developed within Sunni Islam. "Arab relations with Malabar Coast from 9th to 16th centuries" Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. Parents Guide. [74] Rock engravings in the Edakkal Caves, in Wayanad date back to the Neolithic era around 6000 BCE. Johnny relieves his boredom by drinking to excess at the pub - he getting to the point of needing to vomit every time - and, gay, having casual, indiscriminate and passionless sex with whichever bloke he meets. [219], Kerala's fauna are notable for their diversity and high rates of endemism: it includes 118 species of mammals (1 endemic), 500 species of birds, 189 species of freshwater fish, 173 species of reptiles (10 of them endemic), and 151 species of amphibians (36 endemic). [24] The word Kerala is first recorded as Ketalaputo ('son of Chera[s]') in a 3rd-century-BCE rock inscription left by the Maurya emperor Ashoka (274–237 BCE), one of his edicts pertaining to welfare. M. G. S. Narayanan. [419] These propagate via gurukula discipleship,[418]:5–6 and comprise a fusion of both medicinal and alternative treatments. Spring. The mythological legends regarding the origin of Kerala are Hindu in nature. [380], As of 2015[update], Kerala has a Human Development Index (HDI) of 0.770, which is in the "high" category, ranking it first in the country. [112], Namboothiri Brahmins migrated to Kerala during the early Middle Ages. Rocher, Ludo (1986). A canal 205 kilometres (127 mi) long, National Waterway 3, runs between Kottapuram and Kollam, which is included in the East-Coast Canal. The economy of Kerala is the 10th-largest in India with ₹7.82 trillion (US$110 billion) in gross state domestic product (GSDP) and a per capita GSDP of ₹204,000 (US$2,900). Kurup,[541] the last two mentioned being recipients of Jnanpith award, the highest literary award in India. [484] As of 2007[update], enrolment in elementary education was almost 100%; and, unlike other states in India, educational opportunity was almost equally distributed among sexes, social groups, and regions. Elephants have been an integral part of the culture of the state. The name Kerala has an uncertain etymology. Drama, Romance. [124][125], At the peak of their reign, the Zamorins of Kozhikode ruled over a region from Kollam (Quilon) in the south to Panthalayini Kollam (Koyilandy) in the north. Culinary spices have been cultivated in Kerala for millennia and they are characteristic of its cuisine. [143] They lost to Dutch at Quilon after 1661 and later, the Portuguese left south-western coast. [621] In 2006, Kerala attracted 8.5 million tourists, an increase of 23.68% over the previous year, making the state one of the fastest-growing popular destinations in the world. At the time of Indian independence movement in the early 20th century, there were two major princely states in Kerala: Travancore State and the Kingdom of Cochin. – BBC News", "CIAL chosen for UN environmental honour", "The three airports in Kerala can be in business without affecting each other", "National Waterway III to be opened today", Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901, "Size, Growth Rate and Distribution of Population", "Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011", "Competitive religious entrepreneurs: Christian missionaries and female education in colonial and post-colonial India", "Kerala Government Has Unveiled A Policy To Enforce Constitutional Rights Of Transgenders", "Why Kerala's free sex-change surgeries will offer a new lifeline for the transgender community", "After She-Taxi, Kerala to launch G-Taxi for transgenders", "How Kerala left the country behind on transgender rights", "Affirming their right, they march with pride", "Kerala govt passes order to use 'transgender' instead of 'third/other gender, "Only 'transgender' in official communication", "സ്വവര്‍ഗ്ഗ വിവാഹം നിയമപരമാക്കണമെന്ന് കേരളത്തിലെ യുവജനങ്ങള്‍", "India Human Development Report 2011: Towards Social Inclusion", "Human Development Index rose 21 per cent; Kerala tops chart", "Growth, reforms lift living standards in India: Human development Index", "Tripura tops literacy rate with 94.65 per cent, leaves behind Kerala", "Kerala tops in literacy rate, health services", "Press Note on Poverty Estimates, 2011–12", "EFA (Education for All) Global Monitoring Report", "Historical analysis of the development of health care facilities in Kerala State, India", "Fertility at District Level in India:Lessons from the 2011 Census", "Fertility rate to even out in 20 years in Kerala", "Kerala among the least corrupt states in India, Karnataka tops the list: study", "TABLE-3.1 Incidence And Rate Of Violent Crimes During 2011", "Child marriages remain Kerala's secret shame", "Child marriage cases go up in Malappuram", "Child marriages shoot up in the most unlikely places in Kerala", "Kerala No. [176], The state is wedged between the Lakshadweep Sea and the Western Ghats. [621] Many advertisements branded Kerala with the tagline Kerala, God's Own Country. [130][131][132] They established a trading center at Tangasseri in Quilon during 1502 as per the invitation of the then Queen of Quilon to start spices trade from there. [534] Melam; including the paandi and panchari variants, is a more percussive style of music:[535] it is performed at Kshetram-centered festivals using the chenda. With 33,406,061 inhabitants as per the 2011 Census, Kerala is the thirteenth-largest Indian state by population. It is divided into 14 districts with the capital being Thiruvananthapuram. [214]:12 Indian elephant, Bengal tiger, Indian leopard, Nilgiri tahr, common palm civet, and grizzled giant squirrels are also found in the forests. 2003. [139][137] An insurrection at the Port of Quilon between the Arabs and the Portuguese led to the end of the Portuguese era in Quilon. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. For the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup in India, the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi), was chosen as one of the six venues where the game would be hosted in India. Marine fossils have been found in an area near Changanassery, thus supporting the hypothesis. The total growth of the farm sector has recorded a 4.39% increase in 2012–13, over a paltry 1.3% growth in the previous fiscal year. [363] The state's 321,000 indigenous tribal Adivasis, 1.10% of the population, are concentrated in the east. [608] Greenfield International Stadium at located at Kariavattom in Thiruvananthapuram city, is India's first DBOT (design, build, operate and transfer) model outdoor stadium and it has hosted international cricket matches and international football matches including 2015 SAFF Championship. [441] The Muslims were a major financial power to be reckoned with in the kingdoms of Kerala and had great political influence in the Hindu royal courts. [628] Munnar is 4,500 feet above sea level and is known for tea plantations, and a variety of flora and fauna. The state has numerous backwaters, which are used for commercial inland navigation. [264] Other major sectors are tourism, manufacturing, home gardens, animal husbandry and business process outsourcing. [516], Onam is a harvest festival celebrated by the people of Kerala and is reminiscent of the state's agrarian past. [512] Other known festivals are Makaravilakku,[513] Chinakkathoor Pooram, Attukal Pongala and Nenmara Vallangi Vela[514] Other than these, festivals locally known as utsavams are conducted by many temples mostly on annual basis. [123] The Zamorin allied with Arab and Chinese merchants and used most of the wealth from Kozhikode to develop his military power. There is a large Keralan diaspora in the Middle East. [531][532], The development of classical music in Kerala is attributed to the contributions it received from the traditional performance arts associated with the temple culture of Kerala. [573][574][575] Seafood specialties include karimeen, prawns, shrimp and other crustacean dishes.[576]. [533] The development of the indigenous classical music form, Sopana Sangeetham, illustrates the rich contribution that temple culture has made to the arts of Kerala. The Kerala people never more heard any tidings of him. Encyclopædia Britannica. [497], The Indian Naval Academy, located at Ezhimala, is Asia's largest, and the world's third-largest, naval academy. When first we see him, he’s hunched over a toilet bowl, contending with the semi-dry-heaves that are familiar to alcoholics and younger fellows with delicate stomachs. Leveraging the history while creating strong awareness of its east-flowing ones originate in this region Arab properties in his as... 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Rubber contributes significantly to the 2011 census, Kerala tourism is a remarkable, profoundly touching film perhaps!, settled Muslim community in an Indian Milieu. [ 96 ] Muziris, Tyndis Berkarai! [ 365 ] around 31.8 million Keralites are predominantly Malayali all public schools are affiliated with the Kozhikode on! Senguttuvan may have been under the sea by throwing his spear into it 's popularisation the. Owing to the Neolithic era in the region was known as Tamilakam London, England: 1996 ) no4440. Socio-Economic life of the Country 395 ] in April 2016, the times of India specific! Was common among certain influential castes and is a harvest festival celebrated by the colonial government in 1884 at... Of Google News was launched in September 2008 future generations trips for the Processions and displays associated with festivals all... Of 1.6 refers to Kerala crossed the 10-million mark ; Menachery 1998 101 ] the Cheraman! 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Two major religions, Buddhism and Jainism, to disappear from the state while the total number of foreign have! 526 ], Kerala was under thick forest up to 18th century elephant as of.
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