But, much as during the time of the Empire, during the Weimar Republic the parties of the left failed to achieve the abolition of Paragraph 175, because they lacked a majority in the Reichstag. Paragraph 175 2000, 81 min. Prisoners wearing pink triangles on their uniforms are marched outdoors by Nazi guards at the Sachsenhausen concentration … Jesus Camp, by Rachel Grady and Heidi Ewing (2006) Netflix Streaming 30. [4] Convictions multiplied by a factor of ten to over 8,000 per year by 1937. This year we looked at several themes. Historian Klaus Müller interviews survivors of the Nazi persecution of homosexuals because of the German Penal Code of 1871, Paragraph 175. À Berlin par exemple, les homosexuels possèdent ainsi leurs bars, leurs restaurants, et même une revue, Der Eigene . On the contrary, ten years later the government laid plans to extend Paragraph 175 to women as well. Karl was arrested under Paragraph 175 a second time in the 1950s. By this change, sexual intercourse between men became again a punishable offence in Bavaria as well. An Iowa Democrat has dropped her bid to overturn her six-vote loss in the general election after a power grab from Nancy Pelosi. The paragraph was renamed from "Crimes and misdemeanors against morality" into "Offenses against sexual self-determination", and the word Unzucht ("lewdness") was replaced by the equivalent of the term "sexual acts". [45] The law comprises both individual pardons and a collective pardon and the documenting of suffering caused by the law, with the full process expected to take up to five years. Paragraph 175 movie reviews & Metacritic score: During World War II 100,000 German homosexual men were sent to concentration camps. The Nazis broadened the law in 1935; in the prosecutions that followed, thousands died in concentration camps and extermination camps as a widespread social persecution of homosexuals took place. [7] In 1950, East Germany abolished Nazi amendments to Paragraph 175, whereas West Germany kept them and even had them confirmed by its Constitutional Court. § 182 StGB contains numerous terms without precise legal definitions; critics have raised concerns that families can misuse this law to criminalize socially disapproved sexual relationships (e.g. Paramount has one. This act would have pertained not only to homosexual intercourse but also to other homosexual acts such as, for example, mutual masturbation.[19]. PARAGRAPH 175 is a documentary about the 10-15,000 German men who were arrested because of their homosexuality between the years 1933-1945 during World War II. veganlatina uses Letterboxd to share film reviews and lists. Homosexual acts were to be tried only according to the laws of the Weimar Republic. Paragraph 175 only retained sex with minors as a qualifying attribute; the age of consent was lowered to 18 (compared to 14 for heterosexual sex).[37]. Sylvia Rivera (left) and Marsha P. Johnson (second from left). This powerful and disturbing documentary, narrated by Rupert Everett, presents for the first time the largely untold testimonies of some of those who survived. Directors: Rob Epstein, Jeffrey Friedman | Stars: Rupert Everett, Klaus Müller, Karl Gorath, Pierre Seel. [9] In 1532, the Constitutio Criminalis Carolina produced a foundation for this principle of law, which remained valid in the Holy Roman Empire until the end of the 18th century. The film covers the astonishingly quick rise of Hitler (one interviewee points out how ridiculous a figure he seemed at first) and the shock that more liberal Germans felt as it became clear that he was a force to be reckoned with. Purchase must be completed on the AT&T TV website. With sights centred on Paragraph 175, the provision in the German penal code that criminalised homosexuality, it tells the tragic tale of Paul Körner (Conrad Veidt, later seen in The Cabinet of Dr Caligari and Casablanca), a talented gay violinist blackmailed after caught eloping with a male student. Google allows users to search the Web for images, news, products, video, and other content. [8] East Germany had already reformed its more lenient version of the paragraph in 1968, and repealed it in 1988.[8]. People think it’s exciting, almost invigorating to travel. [5] Furthermore, the Gestapo could transport suspected offenders to concentration camps without any legal justification at all (even if they had been acquitted or already served their sentence in jail). You will receive your gift card ~2 weeks after your first month of service. [2] Although modified at various times, the paragraph remained part of German law until 1994. According to § 176 StGB[39] the absolute minimum age of consent is now 14 years for all sexual acts irrespective of the sex of the participants; in special cases, covered in § 182 StGB, an age of 16 years applies. The right-conservative CSU-politician Norbert Geis called this general amnesty a "dishonor" referring, however, only to the defectors of the Wehrmacht, not to homosexuals. It was therefore the commission's job to advise the Ministry of Justice and Chancellor Konrad Adenauer about the new form this law should take. In addition, demographic anxieties such as fear of declining birth rate no longer controlled the 1960s and homosexual men were no longer seen as a threat for not being able to reproduce. [42] By this supplement to the act, Nazi-era convictions of homosexuals and deserters from the Wehrmacht were annulled. Directed by Rob Epstein, Jeffrey Friedman. Nominated for 10 Academy Awards: Best Picture, Best Actress, Best Supporting Actress, Best Director, Foreign … Almost verbatim from its Prussian model from 1794, the new Paragraph 175 of the imperial penal code specified: Unnatural fornication, whether between persons of the male sex or of humans with beasts, is punished with imprisonment, with the further punishment of a prompt loss of civil rights. Further, § 182 (3) StGB allows the public prosecutor's office to pursue a case on the basis of the belief that there is a special public interest. Using inverviews with survivors, "Paragraph 175" is a powerful reminder of the devastating effects of prejudice and hatred, and a poignant tribute to a lost Berlin once known as the "homosexual Eden." While they all agreed homosexual activity was immoral, they were divided when it came to whether or not it should be allowed to be practiced between consenting adults in private. Running time: 81 min. View comments. Paragraph 175 (known formally as §175 StGB; also known as Section 175 in English) was a provision of the German Criminal Code from 15 May 1871 to 10 March 1994. This must not continue. The statute drew legal influence from previous measures, including those undertaken by the Holy Roman Empire and Prussian states. This removed all specific reference to homosexuality from East German criminal law. [30], After World War II, the victorious Allies demanded the abolition of all laws with specifically National Socialist content; however, they left it to West Germany to decide whether or not the expansion of laws regulating male homosexual relationships falling under Paragraph 175 should be left in place. Historian Klaus Müller interviews survivors of the Nazi persecution of homosexuals because of the German Penal Code of 1871, Paragraph 175. [27], A revision of the criminal code in 1957 made it possible to put aside prosecution of an illegal action that represented no danger to socialist society because of lack of consequence. On May 12, 2016, Federal Minister of Justice, Heiko Maas, announced that Germany was investigating the possibility of pardoning and compensating all gay men convicted under Paragraph 175. It was released by Netflix NETFLIX; AMAZON PRIME; HBO; DISNEY+; APPLE TV+; COUNTRY; NETFLIX; GENRES; NEWS; OSCARS 2021 (NOM.) Bavaria, too, adopted the French model and in 1813 removed from its lawbooks all prohibitions of consensual sexual acts. On the 16th of July, 1950, a minor hustler named Otto Blankenstein was arrested for violating Paragraph 175, a law that made homosexual acts between males a crime. Angelika von Wahl: How Sexuality Changes Agency: Gay Men, Jews, and Transitional Justice. [43] Louder criticism came from the lesbian and gay movement, because the Bundestag left post-1945 judgments untouched, although the legal basis from the end of the war to 1969 was the same as in the Nazi era. This case was argued, for example, in an 1897 petition drafted by physician and WhK chairman Magnus Hirschfeld, urging the deletion of Paragraph 175; it gathered 6,000 signatories. Le comité a pour objectif de faire abolir un article de la législation allemande, le paragraphe 175, en vertu duquel les comportements homosexuels masculins sont réprimés. Soon after their liberation, he is re-arrested under the same Nazi law. This law applied not only to men who have sex with boys but equally to women who have sex with girls. 40 minutes: Country: United States: Language: English: End Game is a 2018 American short documentary film by Rob Epstein and Jeffrey Friedman about terminally ill patients in a San Francisco hospital meeting medical practitioners seeking to change the perception around life and death. You will receive it ~2 weeks after you complete your first month of service. Fahrenheit 9/11, by Michael Moore (2004) 29. Chicago 10 2007, 110 min. The First 10 LGBTQ Films in Recorded History. [20] At the same time, a vast majority – with only three KPD votes dissenting – supported the introduction of the new Paragraph 297 (dealing with the so-called "qualified cases"). [46] Bundestag Member Volker Beck, who was a key figure in establishing a compensation fund for victims of Nazism, suggested that other losses suffered as a result of conviction under Paragraph 175, such as the loss of a job and resulting reduction in pension, should also be taken into account when deciding how much compensation to offer. Watch Paragraph 175 movie trailer and get the latest cast info, photos, movie review and more on TVGuide.com. Due to their belief that homosexuals were not born that way, but rather, they fell victim to seduction, the Justice Ministry officials remained concerned that if freed from criminal penalty, adult homosexuals would intensify their "propaganda and activity in public" and put male youth at risk. Get $75 Back on AT&T TV + Free Year of HBO Max. She now has to find the … [6], While the Nazi persecution of homosexuals is reasonably well known today, far less attention has been given to the continuation of this persecution in post-war Germany. Paragraph 175 - Film Paragraph 175 Paragraph 175 2000 Istoric ... MovieTvDb este o colectie bogata de filme, seriale si celebritati 1. Lewdness (Unzucht) was defined as any act that is performed to arouse sexual excitement and "violates the moral sentiment of our workers". While the old view of "militarized" masculinity may have phased out, "family-centered" masculinity was now grounded in the traditional male, and being a proper man meant being a proper father, which was believed at the time to be a role a homosexual male could not fulfill. [29], On August 11, 1987 the Supreme Court of the GDR struck down a conviction under Paragraph 151 on the basis that "homosexuality, just like heterosexuality, represents a variant of sexual behavior. When you shop through our picks, we may earn a commission. [20][21], In 1935 the Nazis strengthened Paragraph 175 by redefining the crime as a felony and thus increasing the maximum penalty from six months' to five years' imprisonment. We take a look at the films and nominations that Netflix is up for this evening at the Academy Awards. [46] Each person convicted will receive €3,000 compensation, plus €1,500 for each year spent in custody as a result of a conviction under Paragraph 175 – on average, a conviction carried a two-year sentence. With the Social Democrats holding the power, they were finally in a position to make key appointments in the Ministry of Justice and start implementing reform. Heinz Dörmer was born in 1912 in Berlin, Germany. Paragraph 175 of the German Criminal Code made homosexual acts between men illegal. It was amended several times. The rate of convictions for violation of Paragraph 175 rose by 44 percent, and in the 1960s, the number remained as much as four times higher than it had been in the last years of the Weimar Republic. He died in 2001 in Germany. [8] The age of consent was lowered to 18 in 1973, and finally, in 1994, the paragraph was repealed and the age of consent lowered to 14, the same that is in force for heterosexual acts. Brother’s Keeper, by Joe Berlinger and Bruce Sinofsky (1992) Netflix Streaming 33. Paramount has one. Between 1945 and 1969, about 100,000 men were indicted and about 50,000 men sentenced to prison. [27] However, in contrast to the earlier action of the OLG Halle, the new Paragraph 175a remained unchanged, because it was said to protect society against "socially harmful homosexual acts of qualified character". Palgrave Macmillan, 2011, p. 205. First convening in 1954, the legal experts in the criminal code commission (Strafrechtskommission) continued to debate the future of Paragraph 175; while the constitutional court ruled it was not unconstitutional, this did not mean it should forever remain in force. This was during the era of Paragraph 175, a statute that criminalized homosexuality in Germany. One year later, the Volkskammer (the parliament of the GDR), in its fifth revision of the criminal code, brought the written law in line with what the court had ruled, striking Paragraph 151 without replacement. Favorites: Call Me by Your Name (2017), Spirited Away (2001), Come and See (1985), Before Sunset (2004). From 1945 until Paragraph 175 was amended in 1969, West Germany imprisoned about 100,000 men under this law. Thousands were murdered in concentration camps. Some of the film's … This year Netflix has 15 nominations. [16], Even in the 1860s, individuals such as Karl Heinrich Ulrichs and Karl Maria Kertbeny had unsuccessfully raised their voices against the Prussian paragraph 143. It lies therefore in the interest of morality as in that of the general welfare that penal provisions be expanded also to women.[18]. There were over 100 homosexual bars/clubs in … Does Netflix, Disney+, Hulu, Amazon Prime Video, HBO Max, Peacock, and 50+ streaming services have Paragraph 175 (2000)? The Streamable uses the TMDb API but is not endorsed or certified by TMDb. Yahoo Finance's Dan Roberts, Brian Sozzi, Julie Hyman, and Myles Udland preview Netflix's Q4 earnings report. Available On: YouTube Notorious Paragraph 175 was a part of the German Criminal Code that classified sexual acts between men as a crime. A criminal offense would now exist if "objectively the general sense of shame was offended" and subjectively "the debauched intention was present to excite sexual desire in one of the two men, or a third". Beyond that – much as had already been planned in 1925 – a new Paragraph 175a was created, punishing "qualified cases" as schwere Unzucht ("severe lewdness") with no less than one year and no more than ten years in the penitentiary. modifier Roman Empire est une série américano-canadienne mélangeant documentaire historique et reconstitutions dramatiques, basée sur la période de l' Empire romain , et produite par la société de production Netflix en tant que « série originale Netflix ». Un film de Rob Epstein et Jeffrey Friedman, avec la voix de Ruppert Everett. The act passed into law May 30, 1989. For this expression ("disgraceful paragraph") see, among others. The plan was that so-called "qualified cases" such as homosexual prostitution, sex with young men under the age of 21, and sexual coercion of a man in a service or work situation would be classified as "severe cases", reclassified as felonies (Verbrechen) rather than misdemeanors (Vergehen). The issue of pardoning men convicted in the postwar era remained controversial. After being imprisoned under the Nazi law paragraph 175, a German gay man and a Jewish woman’s unbreakable bond help them endure the horrors of the holocaust. In the words of Paragraph 116 of that code: The punishment for fornication that goes against nature. Allowing time for the refinement of the draft, it was set to appear before the Reichstag no earlier than 1917. [33] Show More. Durée: 1 h 21. In Paragraph 175, Klaus Müller, a historian from the U.S. It premiered at Sundance, where it won the Jury Prize for Directing, and the Berlin Film Festival, where it received the FIPRESCI Prize for Best Film from the International Federation of Film Critics. Paragraph 175 is a documentary film released in 2000, directed by Rob Epstein and Jeffrey Friedman, and narrated by Rupert Everett. January 21, 2018 () May 4, 2018 () (United States) Running time. Algie, The Miner (1912) This ten-minute comedy directed by Alice Guy-Blaché centers on an effeminate city boy named Algie Allmore. [2] In 1907, a Reichstag Committee decided to broaden the paragraph to make lesbian sexual acts punishable as well, but debates about how to define female sexuality meant the proposal languished and was abandoned. When a human commits fornication with a beast, a man with a man, a woman with a woman, they have also forfeited life. once or twice a year we try and get away from the campus to have a look at various strategic things which need some quality time, away from interruptions. Only about 40 percent of these pink triangle prisoners – whose numbers amounted to an estimated 10,000 – survived the camps. homosexual acts with men under the age of 21. Who will be in the room? [5] Only about half of the prosecutions resulted from police work; about 40 percent resulted from private accusations (Strafanzeige) by non-participating observers, and about 10 percent were denouncements by employers and institutions. Paragraph 175 (2000) Paragraph 175. Image via NETFLIX, THE DEATH AND LIFE OF MARSHA P. JOHNSON. Paragraph 175, by Rob Epstein and Jeffrey Friedman (2000) 34. [19], When this draft was discussed in 1929 by the judiciary committee of the Reichstag, the Social Democratic Party, the Communist Party, and the left-wing liberal German Democratic Party at first managed to mobilize a majority of 15 to 13 votes against Paragraph 296. Paragraph 175 (known formally as §175 StGB; also known as Section 175 in English) was a provision of the German Criminal Code from 15 May 1871 to 10 March 1994. ITem so eyn mensch mit eynem vihe, mann mit mann, weib mit weib, vnkeusch treiben, die haben auch das leben verwürckt, vnd man soll sie der gemeynen gewonheyt nach mit dem fewer vom leben zum todt richten." The Provincial High Court in Halle (Oberlandesgericht Halle, or OLG Halle) decided for Saxony-Anhalt in 1948 that Paragraphs 175 and 175a were to be seen as injustice perpetrated by the Nazis, because a progressive juridical development had been broken off and even been reversed. End Game is a 2018 American short documentary film by Rob Epstein and Jeffrey Friedman about terminally ill patients in a San Francisco hospital meeting medical practitioners seeking to change the perception around life and death. [44] This was confirmed on October 8, 2016, when Maas laid out the compensation scheme and announced that the government was setting aside €30 million to cover claims. The Ministry of Justice assigned a Deputation für das Medizinalwesen ("Deputation for medical knowledge"), including, among others, the famous physicians Rudolf Virchow and Heinrich Adolf von Bardeleben, who, however, stated in their appraisal of March 24, 1869 that they were unable to give a scientific grounding for a law that outlawed zoophilia and male homosexual intercourse, distinguishing them from the many other sexual acts that were not even considered as matters of penal law. Finally, § 182 (4) StGB allows the court to refrain from punishment if the wrongness of the accused's behavior appears small. He wishes to marry a rich man’s daughter, and is given one year to prove his worth as a man. It’s a pretty big year for the streaming service. Jeffrey Friedman . It broadens your view of the world. All in all, around 140,000 men were convicted under the law. 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