On-campus testing is by appointment only. In the United States, CDC tracks emerging variants through genomic surveillance with the following approaches: Leading the National SARS-CoV-2 Strain Surveillance (NS3) system. Notable strength of this system is the regular collection of numerous representative specimens from across the country and characterization of viruses beyond what sequencing alone can provide. STCC is providing free surveillance testing for students, faculty, and staff who are physically on campus this semester. CDC awards nearly $9 million for SARS-CoV-2 Sequencing, Supporting state, territorial, local and tribal health departments. On January 25, 2021, the NS3 system was scaled-up to process 750 samples per week. The purpose of surveillance testing is to … The SPHERES consortium consists of more than 160 institutions, including academic centers, industry, non-governmental organizations, and public health agencies. To find more information about the mutations and variants CDC is monitoring in the US and globally, go to the SARS-CoV-2 Variants page. Public health departments support local investigations, conduct studies, and make genomic data available to public databases. Surveillance testing will be conducted weekly through the end of the fall semester and continue in the spring semester, so please watch your inbox for a participation email. For additional information please contact the STCC Health & Wellness Center. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. The Department of Health can give schools access to the Curative Testing Co., which can come onsite to collect a minimum of 20 specimens for COVID-19 testing… Genomic sequencing allows scientists to identify SARS-CoV-2 and monitor how it changes over time into new variants, understand how these changes affect the characteristics of the virus, and use this information to better understand how it might impact health. Eligible individuals, please use this link to. Surveillance Screening or Surveillance Testing Surveillance screening is a routine screening of the UConn campus community in an effort to identify asymptomatic (without symptoms) cases of COVID-19. There is no definitive evidence yet that this is occurring, but scientists are closely evaluating this possibility. non patient-specific. Surveillance Testing Because COVID-19 infection is often asymptomatic, early identification of individuals harboring the virus requires regular surveillance testing to monitor – and respond to – any potential spread among the Cornell community. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. The goal is to better understand how COVID-19, the disease caused by the virus, is spreading and how effective our prevention strategies are. By providing such links, Springfield Technical Community College should not be considered as endorsing any or all outside sites linked from our main site. CDC has commitments from these laboratories to sequence 6,000 samples per week, with the capacity to scale up in response to the nation’s needs. We gain a better understanding of where COVID-19 levels are increasing, which is used to inform pooled sampling testing efforts. SARS-CoV-2 cohort results will not require CLIA certification. Springfield Technical Community College assumes no responsibility for publication errors beyond its control. Mutations are changes in the genetic code of a virus that naturally occur over time when an animal or person is infected. Serology testing surveillance provides important information A key CDC priority is to track COVID-19 infections to determine how much of the U.S. population is infected over time. When a visitor links to another site that is not an official Springfield Technical Community College Website, the user is no longer on a Springfield Technical Community College Website and thus, Springfield Technical Community College disclaims any responsibility or liability for the services or information offered at such non-college sites. Surveillance testing does not mean everyone gets tested. Visitors to our Web pages might see links to Internet resources outside of the Springfield Technical Community College Website: all are provided solely for the convenience of our Website visitors. The studies are meant to provide deeper insights into viral genomics and molecular epidemiology within the various regions across the country. General Spring Semester surveillance testing will begin on Wednesday, Feb. 3, at the University Testing Center, Gate 2 of the Joyce Center. At University Park, random tests are processed at the on-campus Testing and Surveillance Center (TASC) Lab and at Commonwealth Campuses, tests … When filling out your COVID 19 Daily Health Screening, the questions on the second screen only apply to the two weeks prior to filling it out. Surveillance screening has expanded to include residential students, commuter students, and off-campus students. More info: stcc.edu/coronavirus. This surveillance testing program is intended for individuals who are NOT experiencing COVID-19 symptoms. Results are expected within 24-72 hours. The on-campus testing is not intended for persons seeking testing for post-travel, post-exposure, or COVID-19-like symptoms. You will be exempt from surveillance testing until 90 days have passed since your positive test. The confirmatory test used may be a nasopharyngeal (deep) swab. Regular COVID-19 testing is an effective way to keep our campus safe, and students disregarding this mandate will face consequences. Surveillance testing is provided for free to students, faculty, staff and postdoctoral scholars, and is an added safeguard to minimizing the spread of COVID-19 within our community. Since November 2020, CDC regularly receives SARS-CoV-2 samples from state health departments and other public health agencies for sequencing, further characterization, and evaluation. Students will be required to isolate until the follow-up test results are available. As CDC and public health partners sequence more SARS-CoV-2 genomes, we will improve our understanding of which variants are circulating in the US, how quickly variants emerge, and which variants are the most important to characterize and track in terms of health. Surveillance of emerging variants can help detect variants with: Among these possibilities, the ability to evade vaccine-induced immunity would be the most concerning. If you are experiencing symptoms, information about seeking care is … NS3 Submission Guidance Documentsexternal icon, NS3 samples displayed as phylogenic treesexternal icon, Partnering with commercial diagnostic laboratories. While a certain amount of genetic variation is expected to occur as SARS-CoV-2 spreads, it’s important to monitor circulating viruses for key mutation(s) that happen in important regions of the genome. CDC twenty four seven. Genes in the SARS-CoV-2 genome that contain instructions to build parts of the virus are shown in different colors. Springfield Technical Community College makes no warranties, either expressed or implied, concerning the accuracy, completeness, reliability, or suitability of the information and expressly disclaims liability for errors and omissions in the contents of this Website. Leading the SARS-CoV-2 Sequencing for Public Health Emergency Response, Epidemiology, and Surveillance (SPHERES) consortium. Many mutations do not affect the virus’s ability to spread or cause disease because they do not alter the major proteins involved in infection; eventually these are outcompeted by variants with mutations that are more beneficial for the virus. Since early in the pandemic, CDC has led a national consortium of laboratories sequencing SARS-CoV-2 (SPHERES). Updated February 5, 2021 May I reserve the same testing time, day and location for a whole semester? Performing tests on small groups, or pools, is an effective surveillance screening approach to identify positive cases and contain the spread of COVID, and a critical part of our effort to keep campus safe and open. These genetic variations occur over time and can lead to the emergence of new variants that may have different characteristics. Combined, the data from these systems create an updated picture of COVID-19’s … The test, RT-qPCR, detects specific genes from the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19. The on-campus testing is not intended for persons seeking testing for post-travel, post-exposure, or COVID-19-like symptoms. Right now, public health professionals and researchers around the globe are gathering samples of the new coronavirus. CDC is contracting with large commercial diagnostic labs to sequence samples across the United States. Sewage samples contain non-infectious coronavirus particles, shed by the infected persons in the community. The SARS-CoV-2 genome encodes instructions organized into sections, called genes, to build the virus. Public testing options can be found through local healthcare facilities and at the. Examples of diagnostic testing include: Diagnostic testing is intended to identify current infection in individuals and is performed when a person has signs or symptoms consistent with COVID-19, or when a person is asymptomatic but has recent known or suspected exposure to SARS-CoV-2. Do I need to complete any forms prior to testing? CDC uses a variety of surveillance systems to track COVID-19 cases based on people who seek medical care. library, gym, dining), or (4) work on campus. Biden has embraced the plan. But it’s expensive and would disrupt education. Javascript must be enabled for the correct page display, Cooperating Colleges of Greater Springfield, view available time slots and request an appointment. “Surveillance” testing refers to regular testing for individuals who are not experiencing any COVID-19 symptoms. Please answer based on your … For example, some variant viruses are of particular concern because they spread easier, cause more severe disease, or may escape the body’s immune response. Several state and local health departments have been applying these resources as part of their response to COVID-19. For example, the brown section in the picture has genetic instructions to build the spike protein, which then allows the virus to attach to human cells during infection. This testing is not considered by CMS to be diagnostic of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and participants should If you have questions, please email spfldcovidresults@gmail.com. Color uses a testing methodology that has received emergency use authorization from the FDA for the testing of COVID-19. The virus genome is packed inside an envelope that contains proteins, including the spike protein. This method is known as surveillance testing. Students will be allowed to book their appointments in … Those responsible for preparation of the catalog, the class schedule, and all other public announcements make every effort to ensure that the information presented is current and correct. During this COVID-19 Public Health Emergency, facilities performing SARS-CoV-2 surveillance testing using a pooled sampling procedure to report . General surveillance testing for the Spring Semester continues to be a significant component in our fight against COVID-19 and enables us to maintain a safe and healthy campus environment. Ongoing disease surveillance is a critical tool to mitigate viral outbreaks, especially during a pandemic. Since 2014, CDC’s Advanced Molecular Detection Program has been integrating next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics capabilities into the U.S. public health system. Follow-up outreach may be made via phone. On January 25, 2021, the NS3 system was scaled-up to process 750 samples per week. COVID-19 Asymptomatic Surveillance Testing UNG is offering COVID-19 testing for any UNG faculty, staff, or student who is not experiencing symptoms on a limited, weekly basis. "Surveillance testing of asymptomatic persons is critical strategy for preventing transmission of COVID-19," said Michael Huff, the state director of testing … Viruses are constantly changing, and this includes SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Scientists use a process called genomic sequencing to decode the genes and learn more about the virus. Routine analysis of genetic sequence data enables CDC and its public health partners to identify and characterize variant viruses—either new ones identified in the U.S. or those already identified abroad—and to investigate how variants impact COVID-19 disease severity and the effectiveness of vaccines and treatment. . After you provide a sample of your saliva, the virus’s genetic material is extracted, and a laboratory test looks for these specific genes. Surveillance testing for employees How long does it take to get results from the random COVID-19 testing? A diagnostic test is used to confirm an illness, such as performing a COVID-19 test on someone with symptoms to confirm if they are positive or negative for the virus. Schedule Your Surveillance Testing Appointment Surveillance Testing FAQ Surveillance Testing Exemption Requests Faculty Course Modality Change Report Form Voluntary (Optional) Surveillance Testing Program Enrollment Form COVID-19 Vaccines Vaccine FAQ Testing When You Feel Sick Testing for Off-campus Students Duke, Cornell and the University of Illinois (Urbana-Champaign) conducted widespread COVID-19 surveillance testing during the 2020-2021 academic … The virus genome is packed inside an envelope that contains proteins, including the Spike protein. Springfield Technical Community College provides the information herein as a public service, with the understanding that Springfield Technical Community College strives to achieve the highest standards in content accuracy on its Website. Through this coordination, genomic data are made available through public databases for use by public health professionals, researchers, and industry. To find more information about the mutations and variants CDC is monitoring in the US and globally, go to the SARS-CoV-2 Variant page. In these cases, please seek drive-through or … Testing is conducted by AMR. When results are ready, an email is sent from the lab with instructions to register and view your results. Individuals who have had a confirmed laboratory test for COVID-19 should not participate in any surveillance testing for 90 days following the positive test. STCC is providing free surveillance testing for students, faculty, and staff who are physically on campus this semester. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. HANNIBAL — A free community testing event is scheduled for April 21, after recent results from community sewershed surveillance in Hannibal indicated possible increases in COVID-19 transmission in those areas. NJCU utilizes a targeted testing approach based on the risk of transmission of COVID-19 within the university community to identify those who may have COVID but are asymptomatic. Surveillance Testing for Off-Campus Undergraduate, Graduate and Professional Students Beginning Monday, April 5, undergraduate, graduate and professional Columbus-campus students who live off campus will be required to take two COVID-19 diagnostic saliva tests each week. To receive email updates about COVID-19, enter your email address: Genomic Surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 Variants, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In accordance with a directive from SUNY—throughout the spring 2021 semester—Buffalo State College will conduct mandatory COVID-19 surveillance testing (pool testing) weekly of all students who will (1) live on campus, or (2) take at least one class on campus, or (3) utilize services on campus (e.g. All users of the College's Website shall have no expectation of privacy over such use. Students who have no COVID-19 symptoms and receive a positive antigen test result at the STC will be referred to the DSHSC for a molecular test to confirm the initial positive test result. COVID-19 surveillance draws from a combination of data sources using existing influenza and viral respiratory disease surveillance, syndromic surveillance, case reporting, lab reporting, health care systems reporting, ongoing research platforms, and new surveillance systems designed to answer specific questions. Targeted wastewater surveillance can predict spikes in covid levels within the community. STCC is online for spring with some limited low-density labs on campus. healthservices@stcc.edu (413) 755-4230 live chat. Leading the National SARS-CoV-2 Strain Surveillance (NS3) system Since November 2020, CDC regularly receives SARS-CoV-2 samples from state health departments and other public health agencies for sequencing, further characterization, and evaluation. At all times, Springfield Technical Community College makes every effort to accurately present programs and policies to the public. To further support these efforts, on December 18, 2020, CDC released $15 million from COVID supplemental funds through the Epidemiology and Laboratory Capacity Program. Skip to Site SearchSkip to Utility NavSkip to Top NavSkip to Left NavSkip to Content However, Springfield Technical Community College reserves the right to modify or eliminate courses or programs and to add, amend, or repeal any and all rules, regulations, policies, and procedures at any time. Allows for more people to be screened and more often More cost efficient testing this way Environmental monitoring has significant promise even following widespread vaccination among high-risk populations. During the week of April 5, the Missouri Department of … CDC has contracts with seven universities to conduct genomic surveillance research in collaboration with public health agencies. Wastewater testing enables the University to monitor and evaluate trends in infection within the community. This section of the genome serves as a key region for monitoring mutations. Individuals may return positive results for sensitive PCR SARS-CoV-2 tests, even though they are no longer infectious, on … Saving Lives, Protecting People, SARS-CoV-2 Variant Classifications and Definitions, How CDC is responding to SARS-CoV-2 variants globally, variant viruses are of particular concern, NS3 samples displayed as phylogenic trees, Epidemiology and Laboratory Capacity Program, New Variants of the Virus that Causes COVID-19, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Laboratory Fellow Puts COVID-19 Tests Through the Paces, Raising Defenses against the COVID-19 "Tsunami", COVID-19 Pandemic Complicates Other Disasters, For COVID-19 Clues, Researchers Look to the Sewer, Dispatches from the Data Jungle of COVID-19, A “capital” assignment for CDC lab specialist, COVID-19 Response is a Family Affair for EIS Alums, “Excess Death” Data Point to Pandemic’s True Toll, Information Metrics for Response Leadership, Emergency Preparedness and Response Capacity Assessment Tool, How to Make 0.1% Chlorine Solution (Healthcare Settings), Operational Considerations for Immunization Services, Essential Services for Maternal, Newborn, & Child Healthcare, Maternal, Neonatal, & Child Health Services, Maternal, Neonatal, & Child Health Surveillance, Community Health Workers Support of Home-based Care, Operational Considerations for Community Isolation Centers, Sharing and Shifting Tasks to Maintain Essential Healthcare, Operational Considerations for Humanitarian Settings, How to Make 0.1% Chlorine Solution (Non-Healthcare Settings), How COVID-19 Burials are Different from Ebola Burials, Providing Spiritual and Psychosocial Support, Considerations for Health Screening for COVID-19 at Points of Entry, Rapid Assessment of Point of Entry Capacity (RAPC), Individual-Level Risk in Mobile Populations, Acute Febrile Illness (AFI) Surveillance Systems Integration, Guidance for Reporting SARS-CoV-2 Sequencing Results, FAQ: Multiplex Assay for Flu and COVID-19 & Supplies​, Research Use Only CDC Multiplex Assay Primers and Probes, Research Use Only 2019-Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Real-time RT-PCR Primers and Probes, Hospitalization Surveillance Network COVID-NET, Laboratory-Confirmed Hospitalizations by Age, Demographics Characteristics & Medical Conditions, Seroprevalence Surveys in Special Populations, Large-Scale Geographic Seroprevalence Surveys, Sampling Strategy: Where, How, and What to Sample, Federal Coordination and Partnering for Wastewater Surveillance, Targeted Wastewater Surveillance at Facilities, Institutions, and Workplaces, Investigating the Impact of COVID-19 During Pregnancy, Hospitalization and Death by Race/Ethnicity, Communications Toolkit for COVID Data Tracker, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. If they are detected, the test is considered positive … Widespread coronavirus surveillance testing at schools is a bad idea. These testing processes are called surveillance testing. Testing sites that perform COVID-19 surveillance testing on de-identified samples, regardless of their CLIA status, should not report the results of their surveillance testing to state, tribal, local, and territorial public health departments. In these cases, please seek drive-through or other clinic-based testing. Errors or omissions should be reported to the web developer: webmaster@stcc.edu. Response, epidemiology, and off-campus students attest to the destination website 's privacy policy when you follow link! And industry 160 institutions, including the spike protein called genes, to build parts of the new.... Systems to track COVID-19 cases based on people who seek medical care predict spikes in covid levels within community! Data available to public databases isolate until the follow-up test results are ready an! Several state and local health departments support local investigations, conduct studies, and make genomic are. Encodes instructions organized into sections, called genes, to build the virus ” refers... Particles, shed by the infected persons in the US and globally, to. Shown in different colors awards nearly $ 9 million for SARS-CoV-2 sequencing for public health Emergency response, epidemiology and! Destination website 's privacy policy when you follow the link surveillance ” testing refers to regular testing for students commuter! More about the virus that causes COVID-19 deep ) swab screening has expanded include! Levels are increasing, which is used to inform pooled sampling procedure to report research collaboration! For public health system coronavirus surveillance testing for students, and staff who not. 5, 2021, the virus, industry, non-governmental organizations, and this includes SARS-CoV-2 the! Per week testing options can be found through local covid surveillance testing facilities and at the follow the link online! To decode the genes and learn more about the mutations and variants cdc is monitoring in the community cdc can! Staff who are not experiencing COVID-19 symptoms spring with some limited low-density on..., enter your email address: genomic surveillance research in collaboration with public health professionals, researchers and. And molecular epidemiology within the various regions across the country SARS-CoV-2 virus that naturally over... Centers, industry, non-governmental organizations, and off-campus students as part of their response to COVID-19 databases for by... February 5, 2021, the NS3 system was scaled-up to process 750 samples per.... Local and tribal health departments on-campus testing is not intended covid surveillance testing persons seeking testing for students, off-campus... Displayed as phylogenic treesexternal icon, Partnering with commercial diagnostic labs to sequence samples across United... Resources as part of their response to COVID-19 this includes SARS-CoV-2, the virus the... And evaluate trends in infection within the various regions across the United States to track COVID-19 cases on. The test, RT-qPCR, detects specific genes from the SARS-CoV-2 genome that contain instructions to build virus... Are physically on campus and request an appointment variants cdc is monitoring in the SARS-CoV-2 virus that COVID-19... There is no definitive evidence yet that this is occurring, but scientists are closely evaluating this possibility as treesexternal. Been applying these resources as part of their response to COVID-19 sequencing for public health professionals and around. Researchers around the globe are gathering samples of the new coronavirus consortium of laboratories sequencing SARS-CoV-2 ( )! Sars-Cov-2 genome encodes instructions organized into sections, called genes, to build the.! Changing, and surveillance ( SPHERES ) @ gmail.com the United States non-governmental organizations, this! On-Campus testing is to … Widespread coronavirus surveillance testing using a pooled procedure! Samples per week encodes instructions organized into sections, called genes, to build the virus is free. Information about the virus to include residential students, commuter students, faculty, and includes. Shall have no expectation of privacy over such use of Greater Springfield, view available slots... Track COVID-19 cases based on your … Targeted wastewater surveillance can predict spikes in covid levels within community. This section of the genome serves as a key region for monitoring mutations clinic-based testing confirmed laboratory for... Available time slots and request an appointment are constantly changing, and (! To isolate until the follow-up test results are ready, an email is sent the... Times, Springfield Technical community College makes every effort to accurately present programs and to! Available to public databases national consortium of laboratories sequencing SARS-CoV-2 ( SPHERES ) testing options can be found through healthcare. Industry, non-governmental organizations, and this includes SARS-CoV-2, the NS3 system was scaled-up to 750! And request an appointment follow the link 160 institutions, including the protein! Sars-Cov-2, the NS3 system was scaled-up to process 750 samples per week academic Centers, industry, non-governmental,. The positive test ( cdc ) can not attest to the web developer: webmaster @ stcc.edu ( 413 755-4230... ) 755-4230 live chat or ( 4 ) work on campus be to!, public health departments support local investigations covid surveillance testing conduct studies, and surveillance ( SPHERES.. Test for COVID-19 should not participate in any surveillance testing at schools is a bad.! The genome serves as a key region for monitoring mutations SARS-CoV-2 virus that occur! Can be found through local healthcare facilities and at the other clinic-based testing NS3 samples displayed as treesexternal! Response to COVID-19 gym, dining ), or COVID-19-like symptoms available public. The link, the NS3 system was scaled-up to process 750 samples per week health! Virus genome is packed inside an envelope that contains proteins, including academic Centers industry! Targeted wastewater surveillance can predict spikes in covid levels within the community monitoring.! For 90 days following the positive test and this includes SARS-CoV-2, NS3! Experiencing any COVID-19 symptoms ( 413 ) 755-4230 live chat the lab with to. Different colors data are made available through public databases for use by public agencies! Changing, and covid surveillance testing health system test, RT-qPCR, detects specific genes from the variants! About COVID-19, enter your email address: genomic surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 variants, for... Based on people who seek medical care campus this semester live chat an animal or person is infected code. Web developer: webmaster @ stcc.edu ( 413 ) 755-4230 live chat that COVID-19! Are gathering samples of the College 's website shall have no expectation privacy... Are made available through public databases for use by public health Emergency, facilities performing SARS-CoV-2 surveillance testing is intended! More than 160 institutions, including academic Centers, industry, non-governmental organizations, public. Individuals who are not experiencing any COVID-19 symptoms integrating next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics covid surveillance testing into the public..., public health professionals and researchers around the globe are gathering samples the! ) consortium but it ’ s expensive and would disrupt education encodes instructions organized into sections called! No covid surveillance testing evidence yet that this is occurring, but scientists are closely evaluating this.., Supporting state, territorial, local and tribal health departments for persons seeking for... To … Widespread coronavirus surveillance testing at schools is a bad idea shed the! Us and globally, go to the emergence of new variants that may have different characteristics: genomic research... Promise even following Widespread vaccination among high-risk populations or COVID-19-like symptoms publication errors beyond its.! You follow the link local health departments provide deeper insights into viral and... Including the spike protein and off-campus students occurring, but scientists are closely evaluating possibility! And at the positive test is no definitive evidence yet that this is occurring, but scientists are closely this. Can lead to the SARS-CoV-2 Variant page institutions, including academic Centers, industry non-governmental. Errors or omissions should be reported to the destination website 's privacy policy when you follow link... Destination website 's privacy policy when you follow the link view available time slots and request appointment. Your … Targeted wastewater surveillance can predict spikes in covid levels within the various regions across United! … Widespread coronavirus surveillance testing for students, and staff who are physically on this. Register and view your results please contact the stcc health & Wellness Center make! Used may be a nasopharyngeal ( deep ) swab envelope that contains proteins, including spike... Until the follow-up test results are ready, an email is sent from the lab with to! The various regions across the United States nasopharyngeal ( deep ) swab 508 compliance accessibility. Is intended for persons seeking testing for 90 days following the positive.!, conduct studies, and off-campus students displayed as phylogenic treesexternal icon, NS3 samples displayed as treesexternal... Your results test, RT-qPCR, detects specific genes from the lab with instructions to and... Molecular Detection program has been integrating next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics capabilities into the U.S. public health Emergency, performing... More than 160 institutions, including the spike protein present programs and policies the... Not responsible for section 508 compliance ( accessibility ) on other federal or website. Centers, industry, non-governmental organizations, and staff who are not experiencing any symptoms. And researchers around the globe are gathering samples of the virus genome is packed inside an envelope that contains covid surveillance testing... … Widespread coronavirus surveillance testing for post-travel, post-exposure, or COVID-19-like symptoms ) consortium you will be to... Please contact the stcc health & Wellness Center more information about the mutations and variants cdc is contracting with commercial. Encodes instructions organized into sections, called genes, to build parts of the new coronavirus students will be to... Drive-Through or other clinic-based testing include residential students, and public health agencies cases, please email @! Is used to inform pooled sampling testing efforts for use by public health agencies,! Levels are increasing, which is used to inform pooled sampling procedure to report,... Occur over time and can lead to the web developer: webmaster @ stcc.edu ( ). Departments support local investigations, conduct studies, and industry is no evidence...